CNC Glossary

The direction of movement in a CNC machine. Common axes include X (left-right), Y (front-back), and Z (up-down).

The amount of play or clearance between mating parts, such as gears or lead screws, that can cause positioning errors.

Computer-Aided Design. Software used to create 2D drawings and 3D models of parts to be manufactured.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing. Software that generates toolpaths and G-code from CAD models for CNC machining.

The thickness of material removed by each cutting edge of a tool per revolution, measured in inches per tooth.

A milling technique where the cutter rotates in the same direction as the feed, producing better surface finish.

A milling technique where the cutter rotates opposite to the feed direction, used for roughing operations.

Fluid used to reduce heat and friction during machining, improving tool life and surface finish.

Digital Readout. An electronic display system that shows the precise position of machine axes.

A type of milling cutter with cutting edges on both the end and sides, used for various machining operations.

The speed at which the cutting tool moves through the material, typically measured in inches per minute (IPM).

A device used to hold and position workpieces during machining operations, ensuring accuracy and repeatability.

The programming language used to control CNC machines, consisting of commands that specify tool movements and operations.

The reference point where all machine axes return to establish coordinate system zero points.

The CNC controller's ability to coordinate multiple axes simultaneously to create smooth curved or angled cuts.

A device that guides cutting tools and holds workpieces in position during machining operations.

The width of material removed by a cutting process, such as the slot created by a saw blade.

A threaded rod that converts rotational motion into linear motion to move machine axes.

Machine function codes that control auxiliary functions like spindle start/stop, coolant, and tool changes.

A CNC machine tool capable of performing multiple operations like milling, drilling, and tapping in one setup.

A programmed adjustment to tool or workpiece position to compensate for tool wear or setup variations.

A drilling technique that retracts the drill periodically to clear chips and reduce heat buildup.

The movable spindle assembly in a milling machine that holds and moves the cutting tool vertically.

The fastest movement speed of machine axes when not cutting material, used for positioning.

The rotating shaft that holds and drives cutting tools in a CNC machine.

The speed at which the cutting edge of a tool moves past the workpiece surface.

The process of cutting internal threads in a hole using a tap tool.

A programmed value that compensates for differences in cutting tool lengths.

The programmed route that a cutting tool follows to machine a workpiece.

A machining process where the workpiece rotates while a cutting tool removes material to create cylindrical shapes.

A coordinate system established on the workpiece to define the location of features to be machined.

Methods and devices used to secure workpieces during machining operations.